Bacillus proteolyticus UPMC1508: A novel bacterial strain capable of biologically synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles

Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern due to the overuse of antibiotics. Alternative treatments, such as nanoparticles, are being explored. The biological synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles ­(Fe3O4-NPs) via probiotics offers a sustainable and cost-effective method over the toxic chemical approaches. Still, there are challenges regarding its heavy metal resistance and the toxicity of the obtained nanoparticles. Thus, this research aims to biologically synthesize Fe₃O₄-NPs via a new bacterial isolate and evaluate its toxicity. The objectives are to isolate and characterize a novel bacterial isolate with probiotic potential. Then, to biologically synthesize and characterize ­Fe3O4-NPs via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning El ectron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Powder Diffraction Techniques (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nanosizer. Finally, to evaluate its cytotoxicity potential via MTT– (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays. A total of 12 samples were collected from six different sites in Selangor, Malaysia. The 16 s rRNA sequencing came closest to Bacillus proteolyticus UPMC1508 (99.87%). This strain has lower antibiotic resistance and high Fe-tolerance (MTC = 0.8 mg.mL−1). It successfully synthesized ­Fe3O4-NPs, which exhibited absorption curves between 290–300 nm. TEM and FE-SEM indicated spherical formed ­Fe3O4-NPs; the average diameter was 5.12 ± 0.95 nm. Meanwhile, XRD peaks revealed that the crystallite size was around 32.611 ± 1.412 nm. The nanosizer revealed a hydrodynamic diameter of around 104 nm with a good Polydispersity index (PDI) value (0.217). FT-IR indicated a satisfactory stability of ­Fe3O4-NPs after 2 months. Finally, � �Fe3O4-NPs showed low toxicity at 0.031 mg.mL−1.The findings revealed that the novel isolated B. proteolyticus UPMC1508 has high Fe-heavy metal tolerance and less antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, it successfully synthesized ­Fe3O4-NPs with satisfactory stability and safety, making them suitable for therapeutic platforms, such as antibacterial and anticancer. The significance of this study lies in offering an eco-friendly, low-cost synthesis approach while expanding the applicability of safe ­Fe3O4-NPs for biomedical applications.

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Feminist Media Scholarship in Communication & Sport : A Response to the 10-Year Review

In this commentary, Antunovic and Bruce comment on the state of feminist sport media scholarship in Communication & Sport in response to Cummins and Hahn’s (2025) 10-year review. The journal has served as a “go to” space for feminist sport media studies scholarship. Hegemonic masculinity prevails as one of the most often referenced frameworks, but the journal’s publications have also engaged with a range of feminist frameworks. Scholars gravitate towards analyses of content (both qualitative and quantitative), which is reflected in feminist sport media scholarship as well. We advocate for a greater use of interviews and focus groups, and note the glaring absence of experimental design. The commentary also addresses the complexities between authors’ institutional af filiations, lived experiences, and contexts of analysis. We ultimately argue for a deeper engagement with theory and a continued commitment to bridging disciplinary boundaries. Keywords feminism, theory, media, women’s sports 1Sport Sociology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MA, USA 2Faculty of Arts and Education, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Corresponding Author: Dunja Antunovic, Sport Sociology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 1900 University Ave SE, Minneapolis, MA 55455, USA. Email: dunjaant@umn.edu In a recent study that reviews 10 years of scholarship in Communication & Sport (hereafter C&S) Cummins and Hahn (2024) found that the most frequently

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The American Journal of the Medical Sciences

(Abstract not found)

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